Difference between revisions of "- Saturation"
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===Saturation=== | ===Saturation=== | ||
| − | Previously, we considered the interaction between the spins and lattice and found the characteristic relaxation time <math>T_1</math>. That is, when the spin temperature <math>T_{_S}</math> is | + | Previously, we considered the interaction between the spins and lattice and found the characteristic relaxation time <math>T_1</math>. That is, when the spin temperature <math>T_{_S}</math> is different than the lattice temperature <math>T</math> how long does it take for the spin temperature to return to the lattice temperature? Answer: <math>T_1</math>. |
We then discussed spin-spin interactions which led to the notion of inhomogeneous broadening by a spatially-varying local magnetic field. This led to the concept of a phase-memory time constant <math>T_2</math>. That is, when two nearly-resonant spins are excited then allowed to freely decay (RF field off) how long before the two spins are out of phase? Answer: <math>T_2</math>. | We then discussed spin-spin interactions which led to the notion of inhomogeneous broadening by a spatially-varying local magnetic field. This led to the concept of a phase-memory time constant <math>T_2</math>. That is, when two nearly-resonant spins are excited then allowed to freely decay (RF field off) how long before the two spins are out of phase? Answer: <math>T_2</math>. | ||
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We now investigate the ''steady-state behavior'' of the spin-lattice system with an applied transverse RF field. | We now investigate the ''steady-state behavior'' of the spin-lattice system with an applied transverse RF field. | ||
| − | In the absence of the transverse RF field, the differential equation describing the time variation of <math>n</math>, the excess number of nuclei in the lower state is <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=\tfrac{n_{_0}-n}{T_{_1}}</math>. This makes sense because if <math>T_S>T</math> then <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}</math> is greater than zero (<math>n<n_{_0}</math>) and there's a net flow of nuclei into the lower state with a characteristic time constant <math>T_{_1}</math>. | + | In the absence of the transverse RF field, the differential equation describing the time variation of <math>n</math>, the excess number of nuclei in the lower state, is <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=\tfrac{n_{_0}-n}{T_{_1}}</math>. This makes sense because if <math>T_S>T</math> then <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}</math> is greater than zero (<math>n<n_{_0}</math>) and there's a net flow of nuclei into the lower state with a characteristic time constant <math>T_{_1}</math>. |
| − | When the transverse RF field is present, another term must be added to account for the induced upward transitions corresponding to a net absorption of energy so that we get <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=\tfrac{n_{_0}-n}{T_{_1}}-2nP</math>, where <math>P</math> is the probability per unit time that a nuclei makes an upward transition. A steady state is reached when <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=0</math> so that a steady-state value of <math>n_{_{ss}}</math> is given by <math>\tfrac{n_{_{ss}}}{n_{_0}}=\tfrac{1}{1+2PT_{_1}}</math>. | + | When the transverse RF field is present, another term must be added to account for the induced upward transitions corresponding to a net absorption of energy so that we get <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=\tfrac{n_{_0}-n}{T_{_1}}-2nP</math>, where <math>P</math> is the probability per unit time that a nuclei makes an upward transition. A steady state is reached when <math>\tfrac{dn}{dt}=0</math> so that a steady-state value of <math>n_{_{ss}}</math> is given by <math>\tfrac{n_{_{ss}}}{n_{_0}}=\tfrac{1}{1+2PT_{_1}}</math>. It can be seen that <math>n_{_{ss}}</math> decreases as <math>P</math> or <math>T_{_1}</math> increases. |
| − | + | We must now evaluate the transition probability <math>P</math>. If a transverse RF field is applied with the correct sense of rotation at the resonant frequency the probability of a transition in unit time between the states is given (with the help of Fermi's golden rule) by | |
<math>P_{_{m\rightarrow m'}}=\tfrac{1}{2}\gamma^2H_{_1}^1|<m|I|m'>|^2g(\nu)</math>, where <math><m|I|m'></math> is the appropriate matrix element of the nuclear spin operator. | <math>P_{_{m\rightarrow m'}}=\tfrac{1}{2}\gamma^2H_{_1}^1|<m|I|m'>|^2g(\nu)</math>, where <math><m|I|m'></math> is the appropriate matrix element of the nuclear spin operator. | ||
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<math>T_{_S}=T\tfrac{n_{_0}}{n_{_{ss}}}=\frac{T}{Z}</math>. | <math>T_{_S}=T\tfrac{n_{_0}}{n_{_{ss}}}=\frac{T}{Z}</math>. | ||
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| + | The spins can easily be heated up to extremely high temperatures. For example, at room temperature for <math>^1H</math>, a transverse field of 0.1 Gauss, <math>T_{_1}=1 \text{sec}</math> (cold water) and <math>T_{_2}=10^{-4}</math> seconds, <math>Z\approx 0.05</math> giving a spin temperature <math>T_{_S}=T/Z\approx5400K</math>. | ||
Revision as of 15:59, 15 February 2019
Saturation
Previously, we considered the interaction between the spins and lattice and found the characteristic relaxation time Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_1} . That is, when the spin temperature is different than the lattice temperature how long does it take for the spin temperature to return to the lattice temperature? Answer: .
We then discussed spin-spin interactions which led to the notion of inhomogeneous broadening by a spatially-varying local magnetic field. This led to the concept of a phase-memory time constant . That is, when two nearly-resonant spins are excited then allowed to freely decay (RF field off) how long before the two spins are out of phase? Answer: .
We now investigate the steady-state behavior of the spin-lattice system with an applied transverse RF field.
In the absence of the transverse RF field, the differential equation describing the time variation of , the excess number of nuclei in the lower state, is . This makes sense because if then is greater than zero () and there's a net flow of nuclei into the lower state with a characteristic time constant .
When the transverse RF field is present, another term must be added to account for the induced upward transitions corresponding to a net absorption of energy so that we get , where is the probability per unit time that a nuclei makes an upward transition. A steady state is reached when so that a steady-state value of is given by . It can be seen that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_{_{ss}}} decreases as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P} or Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_1}} increases.
We must now evaluate the transition probability Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P} . If a transverse RF field is applied with the correct sense of rotation at the resonant frequency the probability of a transition in unit time between the states is given (with the help of Fermi's golden rule) by
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_{_{m\rightarrow m'}}=\tfrac{1}{2}\gamma^2H_{_1}^1|<m|I|m'>|^2g(\nu)} , where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle <m|I|m'>} is the appropriate matrix element of the nuclear spin operator.
For Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m'=m-1} it can be shown that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |<m|I|m'>|^2=\tfrac{1}{2}(I+m)(I-m+1)} . For the case of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle I=\tfrac{1}{2}} this reduces to
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P=\tfrac{1}{4}\gamma^2H_{_1}^2g(\nu)} so that we have
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tfrac{n_{_{ss}}}{n_{_0}}=[1+\tfrac{1}{2}\gamma^2H_{_1}^2T_{_1}g(\nu)]^{-1}\equiv Z} .
If an RF field is applied, whose amplitude Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_{_1}} is large, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tfrac{n_{_{ss}}}{n_{_0}}} becomes quite small; the spin temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_S}} becomes very high and the spin system is said to be saturated. Remembering that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_2}=\tfrac{1}{2}g(\nu)_{_{max}}} we can write
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tfrac{n_{_{ss}}}{n_{_0}}=[1+\gamma^2H_{_1}^2T_{_1}T_{_2}]^{-1}=Z_{_0}} , where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z_{_0}} is the value of the saturation factor at the maximum of the lineshape function Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g(\nu)} .
Recall that, in thermal equilibrium, the lattice temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T} is defined in terms of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n_{_0}} as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T=\tfrac{N\mu H_{_0}}{n_{_0}k}} . Similarly, when the system is not in thermal equilibrium, the spin temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_S}} is related to Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_S}=\tfrac{N\mu H_{_0}}{kn}} . These two results yield
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_S}=T\tfrac{n_{_0}}{n_{_{ss}}}=\frac{T}{Z}} .
The spins can easily be heated up to extremely high temperatures. For example, at room temperature for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ^1H} , a transverse field of 0.1 Gauss, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_1}=1 \text{sec}} (cold water) and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_2}=10^{-4}} seconds, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z\approx 0.05} giving a spin temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_{_S}=T/Z\approx5400K} .
