Sonoluminescence - Revision history

Wikiuser at 16:57, 24 November 2014

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Wikiuser at 09:20, 23 June 2014

2014-06-23T09:20:39Z

Wikiuser at 02:50, 16 June 2014

2014-06-16T02:50:13Z

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2014-06-16T02:48:03Z

Wikiuser at 19:09, 13 June 2014

2014-06-13T19:09:58Z

Admin at 16:10, 14 December 2013

2013-12-14T16:10:38Z

Wikiuser at 08:00, 11 December 2013

2013-12-11T08:00:58Z

Wikiuser at 08:00, 11 December 2013

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Wikiuser at 07:57, 11 December 2013

2013-12-11T07:57:10Z

Wikiuser at 07:37, 11 December 2013

2013-12-11T07:37:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 24 November 2014
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		+	== Sonoluminescence ==
		+
		+	[http://hank.uoregon.edu/experiments/sonoluminescence/sonoluminescence-home.html Sono Web Page]
		+
	What we are trying to accomplish in the Sonoluminescence Project is to create a Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Sonoluminescence is where bubbles that were formed by high		What we are trying to accomplish in the Sonoluminescence Project is to create a Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Sonoluminescence is where bubbles that were formed by high
	frequency standing waves collapse and produce light. The center of the bubble is predicted by some to be as high as 1,000,000K but recent results show it at only 10-20 thousand Kelvin [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739]. Sonoluminescence is hoping to be a way to produce fusion and the center of a bubble is a weak plasma [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/news050228-7.html]. The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are somewhat unknown to the scientific community. There are quite a few theories, at least 9 current theories as ‘Sonoluminescence’ (F. Ronald Young, CRC Press) lists them. One of the current competing theories is Bremsstrahlung radiation, this theory states that an electron passing through an electric field (of a polarized atom, neutral atom or plasma) can either emit a photon without losing all of its kinetic energy and remain free or it can absorb a photon and acquire additional kinetic energy. Essentially it can give off light or wait, absorb more photons and give off light at a later time. Bremsstrahlung doesn't predict the entire energy spectrum perfectly though, a sonoluminescence flash gives off more light in the UV spectrum than Bremsstrahlung predicts.		frequency standing waves collapse and produce light. The center of the bubble is predicted by some to be as high as 1,000,000K but recent results show it at only 10-20 thousand Kelvin [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739]. Sonoluminescence is hoping to be a way to produce fusion and the center of a bubble is a weak plasma [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/news050228-7.html]. The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are somewhat unknown to the scientific community. There are quite a few theories, at least 9 current theories as ‘Sonoluminescence’ (F. Ronald Young, CRC Press) lists them. One of the current competing theories is Bremsstrahlung radiation, this theory states that an electron passing through an electric field (of a polarized atom, neutral atom or plasma) can either emit a photon without losing all of its kinetic energy and remain free or it can absorb a photon and acquire additional kinetic energy. Essentially it can give off light or wait, absorb more photons and give off light at a later time. Bremsstrahlung doesn't predict the entire energy spectrum perfectly though, a sonoluminescence flash gives off more light in the UV spectrum than Bremsstrahlung predicts.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 23 June 2014
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	The next part of the amp circuit is the push pull pair which increases the current. A TIP 31C NPN and a TIP 32C PNP were used. To test that the amp circuit, you need to place a load resistor ( a 10 ohm will do), in series with a meter for impedance.		The next part of the amp circuit is the push pull pair which increases the current. A TIP 31C NPN and a TIP 32C PNP were used. To test that the amp circuit, you need to place a load resistor ( a 10 ohm will do), in series with a meter for impedance.

−	[[File:~~New amp circuit~~.~~png\|600px~~]]	+	[[File:circuitboard.jpg]]
−
−
−	''( '''A''': function generator input '''B''': CA 314 op amp '''C''': 150k and 100k ohm resistors '''D''': adjustable resistor '''E''': 10 ohm resistor '''F''': TIP 32 C PNP '''G''': TIP 31C NPN '''H''': output to tunable inductor)''

		+	('''''A:''''' function generator input '''''B:''''' 10k ohm resistor '''''C:''''' 15k ohm resistor '''''D:''''' CA 314 op amp '''''E:''''' ''top:'' TIP 31 C NPN ''bottom:'' TIP 32 C PNP '''''F:''''' output to tunable inductor)

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:50, 16 June 2014
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	Connect the inductor to the PZT's on the flask. In our lab, we used a 100 ml quartz spherical flask. To test the voltage across the PZT's, find a voltage probe and connect it to the oscilloscope. With the function generator outputting a frequency of 20-25 kHz (may vary depending on the size and shape of the flask being used), tune the inductor until maximum amplitude. The voltage across the PZT's should be around several hundred Vpp.		Connect the inductor to the PZT's on the flask. In our lab, we used a 100 ml quartz spherical flask. To test the voltage across the PZT's, find a voltage probe and connect it to the oscilloscope. With the function generator outputting a frequency of 20-25 kHz (may vary depending on the size and shape of the flask being used), tune the inductor until maximum amplitude. The voltage across the PZT's should be around several hundred Vpp.
		+
		+	NOTE: The flask is broken and a new flask with attached PZT's needs to be brought in.

	[[File:Sono_inductor.JPG\|350px\|left]][[File:Sono_flask.JPG\|350px\|center]]		[[File:Sono_inductor.JPG\|350px\|left]][[File:Sono_flask.JPG\|350px\|center]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 We used a Rigol DG 1022 function generator and a Rigol DS 1102 oscilloscope throughout the project. It is best to take some time to get familiar with this equipment. Knowing how to scan, zoom and trigger a signal properly is important when analyzing the signal from the flask.
-The amp circuit consists of an operational amplifier and a push pull transistor pair (commonly known as a Class B push pull output). The op amp is needed to increase the voltage because the maximum voltage from the function generator is 20 Vpp. In the beginning we used a CA 314 with an inverted 1.5 gain using a 150k ohm (R2) and a 100k ohm resistors (R1), but later increased the gain to about 8 using the adjustable resistor on the protoboard. The gain can be calculated using the ratio of the two resistors R2/R1. It is important to check that the op amp is working properly, so test each prong and make sure you get the expected voltages.
+The amp circuit consists of an operational amplifier and a push pull transistor pair (commonly known as a Class B push pull output). The op amp is needed to increase the voltage because the maximum voltage from the function generator is 20 Vpp. We use a CA 314 with an inverted 1.5 gain using a 15k ohm (R2) and a 10k ohm resistors (R1). The gain can be calculated using the ratio of the two resistors R2/R1. We should note that the op amp configuration is that of an inverting op amp, but for some reason, the voltage does not actually invert. Regardless, the voltage gain is achieved. It is important to check that the op amp is working properly, so test each prong and make sure you get the expected voltages.
 The next part of the amp circuit is the push pull pair which increases the current. A TIP 31C NPN and a TIP 32C PNP were used. To test that the amp circuit, you need to place a load resistor ( a 10 ohm will do), in series with a meter for impedance.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 The next part of the amp circuit is the push pull pair which increases the current. A TIP 31C NPN and a TIP 32C PNP were used. To test that the amp circuit, you need to place a load resistor ( a 10 ohm will do), in series with a meter for impedance.
-[[File:New amp circuit.png]]
+[[File:New amp circuit.png|600px]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Connect the inductor to the PZT's on the flask. In our lab, we used a 100 ml quartz spherical flask. To test the voltage across the PZT's, find a voltage probe and connect it to the oscilloscope. With the function generator outputting a frequency of 20-25 kHz (may vary depending on the size and shape of the flask being used), tune the inductor until maximum amplitude. The voltage across the PZT's should be around several hundred Vpp.
-[[File:Sono_inductor.JPG|600px|x]]              [[File:Sono_flask.JPG|600px|x]]
+[[File:Sono_inductor.JPG|350px|left]][[File:Sono_flask.JPG|350px|center]]
 ''('''Left''': Tunable inductor  '''Right''': Flask with two PZT's. Microphone not shown, this is not the flask we used. This flask is just normal glass, we used a special fused Quartz flask)
 ''

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 14 December 2013
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	[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qnqJ1O6VjH-6Gj-73UQDFmeswQyS3Bc5fzNeV5CowM0/edit#slide=id.p Fall_2013]		[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qnqJ1O6VjH-6Gj-73UQDFmeswQyS3Bc5fzNeV5CowM0/edit#slide=id.p Fall_2013]
		+
		+	[[Fall 2013]]

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 [[File:Sono_inductor.JPG|600px|x]]              [[File:Sono_flask.JPG|600px|x]]
-''(L'''eft''': Tunable inductor  '''Right''': Flask with two PZT's. Microphone not shown)
+''('''Left''': Tunable inductor  '''Right''': Flask with two PZT's. Microphone not shown, this is not the flask we used. This flask is just normal glass and we just a special fused Quartz flask)
 ''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 What we are trying to accomplish in the Sonoluminescence Project is to create a Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Sonoluminescence is where bubbles that were formed by high
-frequency standing waves collapse and produce light. The center of the bubble is predicted by some to be as high as 1,000,000K but recent results show it at only 10-20 thousand Kelvin [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739]. Sonoluminescence is hoping to be a way to produce fusion and the center of a bubble is plasma [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/news050228-7.html]. The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are somewhat unknown to the scientific community. There are quite a few theories, at least 9 current theories as ‘Sonoluminescence’ (F. Ronald Young, CRC Press) lists them. One of the current competing theories is Bremsstrahlung radiation, this theory states that an electron passing through an electric field can either emit a photon without losing all of its kinetic energy and remain free or it can absorb a photon and acquire additional kinetic energy. Essentially it can give off light or wait and give off light at a later time.
+frequency standing waves collapse and produce light. The center of the bubble is predicted by some to be as high as 1,000,000K but recent results show it at only 10-20 thousand Kelvin [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739]. Sonoluminescence is hoping to be a way to produce fusion and the center of a bubble is a weak plasma [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/news050228-7.html]. The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are somewhat unknown to the scientific community. There are quite a few theories, at least 9 current theories as ‘Sonoluminescence’ (F. Ronald Young, CRC Press) lists them. One of the current competing theories is Bremsstrahlung radiation, this theory states that an electron passing through an electric field (of a polarized atom, neutral atom or plasma) can either emit a photon without losing all of its kinetic energy and remain free or it can absorb a photon and acquire additional kinetic energy. Essentially it can give off light or wait, absorb more photons and give off light at a later time. Bremsstrahlung doesn't predict the entire energy spectrum perfectly though, a sonoluminescence flash gives off more light in the UV spectrum than Bremsstrahlung predicts.
 Our goal was to collect as much light possible from the bubble for analysis. In order to do this, the bubble needs to be stable enough to emit a sufficient amount of light.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 11 December 2013
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−	What we are trying to accomplish in the Sonoluminescence Project is to create a Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are ~~still unclear so our~~ goal ~~here is~~ to collect as much light possible from the bubble for analysis. In order to do this, the bubble needs to be stable enough to emit a sufficient amount of light.	+	What we are trying to accomplish in the Sonoluminescence Project is to create a Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Sonoluminescence is where bubbles that were formed by high
		+	frequency standing waves collapse and produce light. The center of the bubble is predicted by some to be as high as 1,000,000K but recent results show it at only 10-20 thousand Kelvin [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093739]. Sonoluminescence is hoping to be a way to produce fusion and the center of a bubble is plasma [http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050228/full/news050228-7.html]. The mechanisms of sonoluminescence are somewhat unknown to the scientific community. There are quite a few theories, at least 9 current theories as ‘Sonoluminescence’ (F. Ronald Young, CRC Press) lists them. One of the current competing theories is Bremsstrahlung radiation, this theory states that an electron passing through an electric field can either emit a photon without losing all of its kinetic energy and remain free or it can absorb a photon and acquire additional kinetic energy. Essentially it can give off light or wait and give off light at a later time.
		+
		+	Our goal was to collect as much light possible from the bubble for analysis. In order to do this, the bubble needs to be stable enough to emit a sufficient amount of light.

	Our first step is to create a bubble. The basic set-up of our project is: Function Generator -> Amp Circuit -> Tunable Inductor -> Flask -> Oscilloscope.		Our first step is to create a bubble. The basic set-up of our project is: Function Generator -> Amp Circuit -> Tunable Inductor -> Flask -> Oscilloscope.